Neurodevelopmental References

The mindmap was based on the e-module with the same title available from the Royal College of Psychiatrists. The references listed below are cited in the module:

Agerbo, E., Torrey, E.F. & Mortensen, P.B. (2001) Household crowding in early adulthood and schizophrenia are unrelated in Denmark: a nested case-control study. Schizophrenia Research, 47, 243-246. [abstract]

 
Alexander, R.C., Mukherjee, S., Richter, J. & Kaufman C. A. (1994) Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 182, 639-644.
 
Alter, M., & Schulenberg, R. (1966) Dermatoglyphics in the rubella syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 197, 685-688. 
 
Andréasson, S., Allebeck, P., Engström, A. & Rydberg, U. (1987) Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet, 2, 1483-1485. [abstract]
 
Arsenault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Capsi, A. & Moffitt T. E. (2002) Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. British Medical Journal, 325, 1212-1213. [full text]
 
Babler, W. (1991) Embryologic development of epidermal ridges and their configurations. In Dermatoglyphics: Science in transition. Birth Defects. Original Article Series, vol. 27 (eds C. C. Plato, R. M. Garruto & B. A. Schaumann). New York: Wiley-Liss. [PDF document]
 
Boks, M. P., Russo, S., Knegtering, R. & Van den Bosch, R.J. (2000) The specificity of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Research, 43, 109-116. [abstract]
 
Bracha, H. S., Torrey, E. F., Bigelow, L. B., Lohr, J. B. & Linington, B. B. (1991) Subtle Signs of prenatal maldevelopment of the hand ectoderm in schizophrenia: a preliminary monozygotic twins study. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 717-725. [abstract]
 
Bracha, H. S., Torrey, E. F., Gottesman, I.I., Bigelow, L. B. & Cunnif C. (1992) Second-trimester markers of fetal size in schizophrenia: a study of monozygotic twins. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149: 1355-1361.
 
Browne, S., Clarke, M., Gervin, M., Lane, A., Waddington, J. L., Larkin, C. and O’Callaghan, E. (2000) Determinants of neurological dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1433-1441. [abstract]
 
Buchanan, R. W. & Heinrichs, D. W. (1989) The Neurological Evaluation Scale; a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Research, 27, 335-350. [abstract]
 
Byrne, M., Agerbo, E., Eaton, W.W. & Mortensen, P.B. (2004) Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia - a Danish national register based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 87-96. [abstract] 
 
Campbell, M., Geller, B., Small, A. M., Petti, T. A. & Ferris, S.H. (1978) Minor physical anomalies in young psychotic children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 573-575. [abstract] 
 
Cannon, M., Byrne, M., Cotter, D., Sham, P., Larkin, C. & O’Callaghan, E. (1994) Further evidence for anomalies in the hand-prints of patients with schizophrenia: a study of secondary creases. Schizophrenia Research, 13, 179-184. [abstract] 
 
Cannon, M., Cotter, D., Coffey, V.P., Sham, P.C., Takei, N., Larkin, C., Murray, R.M. & O’Callaghan, E. (1996) Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemic and adult schizophrenia: a follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 368-371. [abstract] 
 
Cannon, M., Jones, P. B. & Murray, R. M. (2002) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1080-1092. [abstract] 
 
Cantor-Graae, E., McNeil, T. F, Rickler, K. C., Sjostrom, K., Rawlings, R., Higgins, E. S. & Hyde, T. M. (1994a) Are neurological abnormalities in well discordant monozygotic co-twins of schizophrenic subjects the result of perinatal trauma? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1194-1199. [abstract] 
 
Cantor-Graae, E., McNeil, T. F., Torrey, E. F., Quinn, P., Bowler, A., Sjostrom, K. & Rawlings, R. (1994b) Link between pregnancy complications and minor physical anomalies in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1188-1193.
 
Cardno, A. G., Marshall, E. J., Coid, B., Macdonald, A. M., Ribchester, T.R., Davies, N. J., Venturi, P., Jones, L. A., Lewis, S. W., Sham, P. C., Gottesman, I. I., Farmer, A. E., McGuffin, P., Reveley, A. M. & Murray, R.M. (1999) Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 162-168. [abstract]  
 
Carr, V., Halpin, S., Lau, N., O’Brien, S., Berkmann, J. & Lewin, T. (2000) A risk factor screening and assessment protocol for schizophrenia and related psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34 (suppl), S170-S180. [abstract]   
 
Cohen, S. R., Chen, L., Trotman, C. A. & Burdi, A.R. (1993) Soft-palate myogenesis: a developmental field paradigm. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 30, 441-446. [abstract]   
 
Cox, S. M. & Ludwig, A. M. (1979) Neurological soft signs and psychopathology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 167, 161-165.
 
Crowner, M. L., Jaeger, J., Convit, A., Brizer, D. & Volavka, J. (1987) Minor physical anomalies in violent adult inpatients. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 1163-1166. 
 
Davis, J. O. & Bracha, H. S. (1996) Prenatal growth markers in schizophrenia: a monozygotic co-twin control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1166-1172. [abstract]    
 
De Waard, F. & Trichopoulos, D. (1988) A unifying concept of the aetiology of breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 41: 666-669.
 
Diewert, V. M. & Wang, K. Y. (1992) Recent advances in primary palate and midface morphogenesis research.  Critical Review of Oral Biology and Medicine, 4, 111-130. [abstract] 
 
Diewert, V. M., Lozanoff, S. & Choy, V.  (1993) Computer reconstructions of human embryonic craniofacial morphology showing changes in relations between the face and brain during primary palate formation. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology, 13, 184-192.
 
Elizarraras-Rivas, J., Fragoso-Herrera, R., Cerdan-Sanchez, L.F., Ramos-Zepeda, R., Barajas-Barajas, L.O., Troyo-Sanroman, R., McLean, D. & McGrath, J.J. (2003). Minor physical anomalies and anthropometric measures in schizophrenia: a pilot study from Mexico. Schizophrenia Research 62, 285-287. [abstract] 
 
EURODIAB ACE Study Group. (2000) Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. Lancet, 355, 873-876. [abstract] 
 
Falkai, P. G. & Bogerts, B. (1996) The neuropathological basis of schizophrenia. In The neuropathological basis of schizophrenia (eds J. L. Waddington & P. F. Buckley). Austin: Landes.
 
Fananas, L., Moral, P. & Bertranpetit, J. (1990) Quantitative dermatoglyphics in schizophrenia: study of family history subgroups. Human Biology, 62, 421-427. [abstract] 
 
Fananas, L., Van Os, J., Hoyos, C., McGrath, J., Mellor, C. S. & Murray, R. M. (1996) Dermatoglyphic a-b ridge count as a possible marker for development disturbance in schizophrenia: replication in two samples. Schizophrenia Research, 20, 307-314. [abstract] 
 
Farmer, A. E., McGuffin, P. & Gottesman, I. I. (1987) Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia: scrutinizing the validity of the definition. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 634-641.
 
Fearon, P., Lane, A., Airie, M., Scannell, J., McGowan, A., Byrne, M., Cannon, M., Cotter, D., Murphy, P., Cassidy, B., Waddington, J., Larkin, C. & O’Callaghan, E. (2001) Is reduced a-b ridge count a reliable marker of developmental impairment in schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research, 50, 151-157. [abstract] 
 
Fish, B. & Hagin, R. (1973) Visual-motor disorders in infants at risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 900-904.
 
Fish, B., Marcus, J., Hans, S. L., Auerbach, J. G. & Perdue, S. (1992) Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect: a review and replication of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem infant development study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 221-235.
 
Flyckt, L., Sydow, O., Bjerkenstedt, O., Edman, G., Rydin, E. & Wiesel, F.A. (1999) Neurological signs and psychomotor performance in patients with schizophrenia, their relatives and healthy controls. Psychiatry Research, 86, 113-129. [abstract] 
 
Geddes, J. R. & Lawrie, S. M. (1995) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 786-793. [abstract] 
 
Green, M. F., Satz, P., Soper, H. V. & Kharabi, F. (1987) Relationship between physical anomalies and age at onset of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 666-667.
 
Green, M. F., Satz, P., Gaier, D. J., Ganzell, S. & Kharabi, F. (1989) Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 91-99.
 
Green, M. F., Satz, P. & Christenson, C. (1994) Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients, bipolar patients, and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 433-440.
 
Griffiths, T.D., Sigmundsson, T., Takei, N., Rowe, D. & Murray, R. M. (1998) Neurological abnormalities in familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Brain, 121, 191-203. [abstract] 
 
Gualtieri, C. T., Adams, A., Shen, C. D. & Loiselle, D. (1982) Minor physical anomalies in alcoholic and schizophrenic adults and hyperactive and autistic children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 640-642
 
Gupta, S., Andreasen, N. C., Arndt, S., Flaum, M., Schultz, S. K., Hubbard, W. C. & Smith, M. (1995) Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naïve and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 191-196.
 
Harrison, P. J. & Owen, M. J. (2003) Genes for schizophrenia: recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet, 361, 417-419. [abstract] 
 
Heinrichs, D. W. & Buchanan, R. W. (1988) Significance and meaning of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 11-18.
 
Holt, S. H. (1968) The Genetics of Dermal Ridges. USA: Charles C. Thomas.
 
Inouye, E. (1961) Similarity and dissimilarity of schizophrenia in twins. Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress of Psychiatry, 1, 524-530.
 
Ismail, B., Cantor-Graae, E. & McNeil, T. F. (1998) Minor Physical Anomalies in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1695-1702. [abstract] [full text]
 
Jablensky, A. (1997). The 100-year epidemiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 28, 111-128. [abstract]
 
Jones, K. L. (1988) Smith’s Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Philadelphia: Saunders.
 
Kallmann, F. J. (1946) The genetic theory of schizophrenia: An analysis of 691 schizophrenic twin index families.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 103, 309-322. [abstract]
 
Kalter, H. & Warkany, J. (1983) Congenital malformations: etiologic factors and their role in prevention.  New England Journal of Medicine, 308, 424-431.
 
Kandel, E., Brennan, P. A., Mednick, S. A. & Michelson, N. M. (1989) Minor physical anomalies and recidivistic adult violent criminal behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 103-107.
 
Karim, S., Bakhtawar, I., Butta, A. & Jalil, M. (1998) Effects of first and second trimester vaginal bleeding on pregnancy outcome. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 48, 40-42.
 
Kelly, B. D., Lane, A., Agartz, I., Henriksson, K.M. & McNeil, T. F. (2005) Craniofacial dysmorphology in Swedish schizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 202-207. [abstract]
 
Kelly, B. D. & Feeney, L. (2004) Schizophrenia. Lancet, 364, 1312. [abstract]
 
Kennard, M. A. (1960) Value of equivocal signs in neurological diagnosis. Neurology, 10, 753-764.
 
Kinney, D. K., Woods, B.T. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (1986) Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. II. Neurological and psychiatric findings in relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 665-668.
 
Kolakowaska, T., Williams, A. O., Jambor, K. & Adern, M. (1985) Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. III. Neurological ‘soft’ signs, cognitive impairment and their clinical significance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 348-357.
 
Lane, A., Larkin, C., Waddington, J. L. & O’Callaghan, E. (1996) Dysmorphic Features and Schizophrenia. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia (eds J. L. Waddington & P. F. Buckley). Austin: Landes.
 
Lane, A., Kinsella, A., Murphy, P., Byrne, M., Keenan, J., Colgan, K., Cassidy, B., Sheppard, N., Horgan, R., Waddington, J. L., Larkin, C. & O’Callaghan, E. (1997) The Anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1155-1164. [abstract] 
 
Lawrie, S. M., Byrne, M., Miller, P., Hodges, A., Clafferty, R. A., Cunningham Owens, D. G. & Johnstone, E. (2001) Neurodevelopmental indices and the development of psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 524-530. [abstract] [full text]
 
Lewis, S. W. & Murray, R. M. (1987) Obstetric complications, neurodevelopmental deviance, and risk of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 21, 413-421. [abstract] 
 
Lohr, J. B. & Flynn, K. (1993) Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 551-556.
 
Malaspina, D., Harlap, S., Fennig, S., Heiman, D., Nahon, D., Feldman, D., & Susser, E.S. (2001). Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 361-367. [abstract] 
 
Manschreck, T. C., Maher, B. A. & Ader, D. N. (1981) Formal thought disorder, the type-token ratio and disturbed voluntary motor movement in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 7-15. [abstract] 
 
Manschreck, T. C. & Ames, D. (1984) Neurologic features and psychopathology in schizophrenic disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 703-719.
 
Marcus, J., Hans, S. L., Lewow, E., Wilkinson, L. & Burack, C. M. (1985) Neurological findings in high-risk children: childhood assessment and 5-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 85-100.
 
Marcus, J., Hans, S. L., Auerbach, J.G. & Auerbach, A. G. (1993) Children at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. II. Neurobehavioural deficits at school age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 797-809.
 
Marino, R. V., Scholl, T. O., Karp, R. J., Yanoff, J. M. & Hetherington, J. (1987) Minor physical anomalies and learning disability: what is the prenatal component? Journal of the National Medical Association, 79, 37-39.
 
Markow, T. A. & Wandler, K. (1986) Fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry and the genetics of liability to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 19, 323-328. [abstract] 
 
McGrath, J. J., Van Os, J., Hoyos, C., Jones, P. B., Harvey, I. & Murray, R. M. (1995) Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables.  Schizophrenia Research, 18, 9-20. [abstract] 
 
McGrath, J., El-Saadi, O., Grim, V., Cardy, S., Chapple, B., Chant, D., Lieberman, D. & Mowry, B. (2002) Minor physical anomalies and quantitative measures of the head and face in patients with psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 458-464. [abstract] 
 
McGuffin, P., Farmer, A. E., Gottesman, I.I., Murray, R. M. & Reveley, A. M. (1984) Twin concordance for operationally defined schizophrenia: confirmation of familiality and heritability.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 541-555.
 
McGuffin, P., Asherson, P., Owen, M. & Farmer, A. (1994) The strength of the genetic effect: is there room for an environmental influence in the aetiology of schizophrenia.  British Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 593-599.
 
McNeil, T. F., Blennow, G. & Lundberg, L. (1992) Congenital malformations and structural developmental anomalies in groups at high risk for psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 57-61. [abstract] 
 
McNeil, T.F. & Sjostrom, K. (1994) McNeil-Sjostrom Scale for Obstetric Complications. Malmo: Lund University.
 
McNeil, T. F. (1996) Obstetric Complications. In The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia (eds J. L. Waddington & P. F. Buckley). Austin: Landes.
 
McNeil, T. F., Cantor-Graae, E. & Weinberger, D. R. (2000) Relationship of obstetric complications and differences in size of brain structures in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 203-212. [abstract] [full text]
 
McNeil, T.F. & Kaij, L. (1978) Obstetric factors in the development of schizophrenia: complications in the births of preschizophrenics and in reproduction by schizophrenic parents. In: The Nature of Schizophrenia (eds L.C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell & S. Matthysse). Wiley: New York.
 
Mednick, S.A., Machon, R.A., Huttunen, M.O. & Bonett, D. (1988) Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 189-192.
 
Mellor, C.S. (1992) Dermatoglyphic evidence of fluctuating asymmetry in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 467-472. [abstract] 
 
Meninger K.A. (1926) Influenza and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 82, 469-529.
 
Moore, K.L. (1988) Essentials of Human Embryology. Toronto: Blackwell.
 
Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, C.B., Westergaard, T., Wohlahrt, J., Ewald, H., Mors, O., Andersen, P.K., & Melbye, M. (1999) Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 603-608. [abstract] 
 
Mueser, K.T. & McGurk, S.R. (2004) Schizophrenia. Lancet, 363: 2063-72. [abstract] 
 
Murray, R.M., O’Callaghan, E., Castle, D.J., & Lewis, S.W. (1992) A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18, 319-332.
 
Neuchterlein, K. H. & Dawson, M. E. (1984) A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 300-312.
 
Niethammer, R., Weisbrod, M., Schiesser, S., Grothe, J., Maier, S., Peter, U., Kaufmann, C., Schroder, J. & Sauer, H. (2000) Genetic influence on laterality in schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 272-274. [abstract] [full text]
 
O’Callaghan, E., Larkin, C., Kinsella, A. & Waddington, J. L. (1991) Familial, obstetric and other clinical correlates of minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 479-483.
 
O’Callaghan, E., Gibson, T., Colohan, H. A., Buckley, P., Walshe, D. G., Larkin, C. & Waddington, J. L. (1992) Risk of schizophrenia in adults born after obstetric complications and their association with early onset of illness: a controlled study. British Medical Journal, 305, 1256-1259.
 
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Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2001) Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replication and reanalysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 46-52. [abstract] [full text]
 
Prechtl, H. F. R. (1967) Neurological sequelae of prenatal and perinatal complications. British Medical Journal, 4, 763-767.
 
Purvis-Smith, S. G. & Mesner, M. A. (1968) Dermatoglyphics in adults and congenital rubella. Lancet, ii, 141-143. [abstract]
 
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Quitkin, F., Rifkin, A. & Klein, D. F. (1976) Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders. Organicity in schizophrenia with premorbid asociality and emotionally unstable character disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 845-853.
 
Rieder, R. O. & Nichols, P. L. (1979) Offspring of schizophrenics. III. Hyperactivity and neurological soft signs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 665-674.
 
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Rubin, P., Vorstrup, S., Hemmingsen, R., Andersen, H. S., Bendsen, B. B., Stromoson, N., Larsen, J. K. & Bolwig, T. G. (1994) Neurological abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder at first admission to hospital: correlations with computerized tomography and regional cerebral blood flow findings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 385-390.
 
Sanders, R. D., Keshavan, M. S. & Schooler, N. R. (1994) Neurological examination abnormalities in neuroleptic-naïve patients with first-break schizophrenia: preliminary results. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1231-1233.
 
Schroder, J., Niethammer, R., Geider, F. J., Reitz, C., Binkert, M., Jauss, M. & Sauer, H. (1992) Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 6, 25-30. [abstract]
 
Schubert, E. W. & McNeil, T. F. (2003) Prospective study of adult mental disturbance in offspring of women with psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60: 473-480. [abstract]
 
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Stefansson, H., Steinthorsdottir, V., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Gulcher, J. R. & Stefansson, K. (2004) Neuregulin 1 and schizophrenia. Annals of Medicine, 36, 62-71. [abstract]  
 
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Torrey, E. F., Taylor, E. H., Bracha, H. S., Bowler, A. E., McNeil, T. F., Rawlings, R. R., Quinn, P. O., Bigelow, L. B., Rickler, K., Sjostrom, K., Higgins, E. S. & Gottesman, I. I.  (1994) Prenatal origin of schizophrenia in a subgroup of discordant monozygotic twins. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 423-432.
 
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Van Oel, C. J., Baare, W. F. C., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Haag, J., Balazs, J., Dingemans, A., Kahn, R. S. & Sitskoorn, M. M. (2001) Differentiating between low and high susceptibility to schizophrenia in twins: the significance of dermatoglyphic indices in relation to other determinants of brain development. Schizophrenia Research, 52, 181-193. [abstract]  
 
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Waddington, J. L., Buckley, P. F., Scully, P. J, Lane, A., O’Callaghan, E. & Larkin, C. (1998) Course of psychopathology, cognition and neurobiological abnormality in schizophrenia: developmental origins and amelioration by antipsychotics? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32, 179-189. [abstract] 
 
Waddington, J.L., Lane, A., Larkin, C. & O’Callaghan, E. (1999a) The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: clinical clues from cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, and the roots of a lifetime trajectory of disease. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 31-39. [abstract] 
 
Waddington, J.L., Lane, A., Scully, P., Meagher, D., Quinn, J., Larkin, C. & O’Callaghan, E. (1999b) Early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia: a lifetime trajectory model from neurodevelopmental basis to ‘neuroprogressive’ process. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 477-489. [abstract] 
 
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Waldrop, M. F. & Halverson, C. F. (1971) Minor physical anomalies and hyperactive behaviour in young children. In The Exceptional Infant (ed J. Hellmuth). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
 
Weinberger, D. R. (1996) On the plausibility of "the neurodevelopmental hypothesis" of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14 (3 suppl.), 1S-11S. [abstract] 
 
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Wong, A. H., Voruganti, L. N., Heslegrave, R. J. et al. (1997) Neurocognitive deficits and neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 23, 139-146. [abstract]
 
Woods, B. T., Kinney, D. K. & Yargelun-Todd, D. (1986) Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. I. Comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar and substance abuse patients and normal controls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 657-663.
 
Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., Andréasson, S., Lundberg, I. & Lewis, G. (2002) Self-reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia: further analysis of the 1969 Swedish conscript study. British Medical Journal, 325, 1199-1201. [abstract] [full text]